那時我在美國初任教職,開了一門名叫「中國的印象」的低班課,斗膽選了這三本書作教材,當時就有漢學界同行對我說:「你選她的書作甚麼?根本不可信。」
35. 斗 部首 斗 部首外筆畫 0 總筆畫 4 |
注音一式 ㄉㄡˇ |
漢語拼音 d u |
注音二式 d u |
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| | 量詞。計算容量的單位。十升為一斗,十斗為一石。漢書˙卷二十一˙律曆志上:「十升為斗……斗者,聚升之量也。」紅樓夢˙第四十二回:「如今這一個裡頭裝了兩斗御田粳米。」 |
| | 酒器。詩經˙大雅˙行葦:「酌以大斗。」史記˙卷七˙項羽本紀:「玉斗一雙,欲與亞父。」 |
| | 形狀像斗的器具。如:「漏斗」、「熨斗」、「米斗」、「菸斗」。 |
| | 星座名:(1) 二十八星宿之一。北方玄武七宿的第一宿,有六顆星,通稱為「南斗」。(2) 北斗七星。 |
| | 圓形的指紋。見「斗箕」、「斗紋」等條。指紋有斗和箕的分別,圓紋為斗,斜紋為箕,故稱指紋為「斗箕」。或稱為「斗記」。 |
| | 姓。如宋代有斗蓋。 |
| | 二一四部首之一。 |
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| | 比喻小。如:「斗室」、「斗城」。 |
| | 比喻大。南朝梁˙簡文帝˙七勵:「至如牽鉤壯氣,斗膽豪心。」 |
| | 險峻、陡峭。通「陡」。史記˙卷二十八˙封禪書:「成山斗入海,最居齊東北隅,以迎日出云。」明˙徐弘祖˙徐霞客遊記˙卷一下˙閩遊日記:「蓋是山四面斗削,惟一線為暗磴,百丈為明梯。」 |
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| 驟然、突然。唐˙韓愈˙答張十一功曹詩:「吟君詩罷看雙鬢,斗覺霜毛一半加。」 |
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領頭字
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斗 |
解形
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《說文》:“斗,十升也。象形,有柄。”段玉裁注:“上象斗形,下象其柄也。” |
注音
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釋義
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(一)dou3《廣韻》當口切,上厚端。侯部。 | (1)古代酒器。《詩‧大雅‧行葦》:“酌以大斗,以祈黃老鄄句。”毛傳:“大斗,長三尺也。”陸德明釋文:“三尺,謂大斗之柄也。”《南史‧謝旧钫蘥傳》:“(旧钫蘥)與劉瑱、沈昭略交,飲各至數斗。”《鏡花緣》第一回:“左手執筆,右手執斗。”
(2)星宿名。一指二十八宿之一,北方玄武七宿的第一宿,又稱“南斗”,有星六顆;二指北斗七星;三指天市垣小斗五星。清朱駿聲《說文通訓定聲‧需部》:
“北斗七星,南斗六星,又天市垣小斗五星,皆象斗形,故以為名。”《易‧豐》:“日中見斗。”《新唐書‧曆志一》:“斗極南,去人最遠,故寒。”也用作星
的通名。如:滿天星斗。清石達開《白龍洞題壁詩》:“劍氣麴钫中星斗。”
(3)量器。也作量詞,舊時容量單位。十升為一斗,十斗為一石。《說文‧斗部》:“斗,十升也。象形,有柄。”《莊子‧胠篋》:“掊斗折衡,而民不爭。”
《漢書‧律曆志上》:“十升為斗……斗者,聚升之量也。”《新唐書‧食貨志一》:“而百姓殘於兵盜,米斗至錢七千,鬻籺為糧,民行乞食者屬路。”
(4)形如斗狀的器物。如:墨斗;拖斗;火钫因斗。《淮南子‧齊俗》:“炮烙生乎熱斗。”《晉書‧韓伯傳》:“母方為作襦,令伯捉熨斗。”
(5)形如斗狀的指紋,由多數環形蝉钫戔、螺形蝉钫戔組成。
(6)我國傳統建築中的一種支承構件,即“拱”與“拱”間墊的方木。也作“枓”。《釋名‧釋宮室》:“斗在欒兩頭,如斗也。斗負上員穩也。”按:《廣韻‧厚韻》:“枓,柱中方木。”
(7)“刁斗”的省稱。北周陸瓊《關山月》:“焚烽望別壘,擊斗宿危樓。”
(8)比喻事物的微小。《論語‧子路》:“斗筲之人,何足算也。”元盧琦《至正己亥夏予游壺山宿真淨岩即景賦詩》:“欣然坐我斗室底,滿室嵐氣生清秋。”
《鏡花緣》第十八回:“斗室屈尊,致令大賢受熱,殊抱不安。”有時也比喻事物之大。南朝梁簡文帝《七勵》:“牽鉤壯氣,斗膽豪心。”唐胡曾《謝賜錢
啟》:“推葛亮之寸心,謝姜維之斗膽。”
(9)陡峭。後作“陡”。《史記‧封禪書》:“成山斗入海,最居齊東北陽,以迎日出云。”司馬貞索隱:“斗入海,謂斗絕曲入海也。”《水經注‧穀水》:“二壁爭高,斗聳相亂。《徐霞客遊記‧閩遊日記》:“蓋是山四面斗削。”
(10)陡然,突然。唐韓愈《答張十一功曹》:“吟君詩罷看雙鬢,斗覺霜毛一半加。”
(11)姓。《正字通‧斗部》:“斗,姓。宋斗蓋。”
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(二)zhu3 | 《集
韻》腫庾切,上麌章。侯部。同“枓”。舀水的木勺。《集韻‧噳韻》:“枓,《說文》:‘勺也。’或省。”《太平御覽》卷七百六十二引《通俗文》:“木瓢為
斗。”《穆天子傳》卷六:“佐者承斗而哭。”郭璞注:“斗,斟水杓也。”唐韓愈《駑驥》:“渴飲一斗水,飢食一束芻。”
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(三)dou4 | “鬥”的簡化字。 |
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所謂「人不可以貌相」,一頭看似亂糟糟的蓬鬆金色頭髮,一個喜歡乘坐地鐵、踏單車的人,誰也想不到會是一個受歡迎的政治人物。他,就是英國倫敦市長鮑里斯.約翰遜(Boris Johnson)。
約翰遜於上周開展他六天的中國之旅,先後到過北京、上海。在北京擠過地鐵,在上海騎過單車,上周四,這位「反斗」市長亦來到中國之旅的最後一站──香港。
Q: 玩具反斗城...那何謂"反斗"呢... 是從香港沿用過來的語詞嗎?
A: 的確是,廣東話的是指精力過剩, 沒有一刻能停下來, 不受控制調皮搗蛋的意思. 就像小孩子囉.
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漢字聽寫大會火爆 中文書寫引關注
在
英語拼寫比賽中,“toad”(癩蛤蟆)這個詞對參賽選手來說可算是易如反掌,但在中國舉辦的一場全國直播的漢字聽寫大會上,“癩蛤蟆”這個詞卻讓選手栽了跟頭。
漢字“癩蛤蟆”
在中文里,“癩蛤蟆”這三個字筆畫共有46筆。
14歲的參賽選手余爽在早輪比賽中差點就寫對了。在書寫“癩蛤蟆”這三個字的時候,余爽很快就在平板電腦上寫了出來,她寫的這三個字在她頭頂上方的一塊大屏幕上顯示出來。她的隊友則叫著用手在空中比劃著這幾個字。
她寫完后,三名評委中的一位按下了書寫正確的按鈕,全場一片歡呼。但另外兩名評委認為她沒有寫對,他們指出這個女孩在寫“蟆”的時候少了一個點。這名評委說,你剛才顯然很緊張。余爽的隊友則在后台失望地嘆息。
并非只有余爽如此。國有媒體在賽后不無遺憾地說,《漢字聽寫大會》對部分現場觀眾進行了測試,其中只有30%的人能夠把“癩蛤蟆”正確地寫出來。新華社說,這是個大家都認識的詞。
視頻:科技正在腐蝕中國年輕一代的書寫技能
中國的《漢字聽寫大會》節目自今年8月在一個教育頻道開播以來逐漸火爆。隨著它的熱播,越來越多人注意到一個令人遺憾的現象:在鍵盤打字普及時代成長起來的中國年輕人的書寫技能在退步。封面圖片來源:中國中央電視台。
自今年8月,《漢字聽寫大會》在一個較小的教育頻道開播以來,其人氣逐漸爆棚。
上周五晚間,比賽改到中央電視台綜合頻道播出,甚至挑戰中國諸多收視冠軍節目的人氣,其中包括《中國好聲音》。
上周五晚間的決賽成為全國觀眾必看的比賽,決賽在來自同一所杭州學校的兩名女中學生之間展開。
《漢字聽寫大會》觸動了中國人的一根神經。在中國,純粹主義者抱怨說,由于表情符號和能夠使人們寫字更快的拼音輸入法的大量使用,智能手機正在腐蝕人們的語言技能。在使用拼音輸入法時,漢字用漢語拼音拼寫出來。
《漢字聽寫大會》節目組總導演關正文說,他的靈感來自美國的全國拼寫大賽(Scripps National Spelling Bee)。尤其值得一提的是,他說,他尤為感動的是看到一個50年前曾參加拼寫大賽的祖父,現在幫助孫子備賽。
關正文說,在像美國這樣一個多元化的國家,拼寫大會使背景不同的人們能夠在共同的美國夢中找到共同點。
普通話一直是中國政府團結各族人民的戰略的一個重要組成部分,在中國這個幅員遼闊的國家,西部有講維語的穆斯林,南方則有人講廣東和福建方言。來自中國各少數民族的參賽選手還參加了民族服裝的展示,凸顯中國語言將國家團結起來的理念。
CCTV
參賽選手在一組評委的注視下拼寫漢字。
在這一問題上,一些人的發表了相當激烈的言論。前教育部新聞發言人王旭明就在自己的微博發起了一次運動,呼吁取消小學英語課,增加國學教育。
他經常在自己的微博上呼吁,解放孩子,救救國學和漢語。他在新浪微博有約180萬粉絲。
這個節目的初衷是,重新喚起人們對漢語的熱情。該節目的“宗旨和意義”稱,漢字是是中華文明最燦爛的瑰寶之一,是中國貢獻于人類文明的第五大發明。來自中國的“四大發明”通常是指造紙術、火藥、指南針和印刷術。
一些觀眾也注意到了這樣一個悖論:這些在聽寫中出現的漢字都是簡體字。上世紀50年代中共為了提高識字率把簡體字定為官方書面文字。香港和台灣一直保留著繁體字的傳統。通常來說,同樣一個字,繁體字的筆畫要多于簡體字。
CCTV
《漢字聽寫大會》總冠軍陸佳蕾。
經過八輪資格賽和兩輪半決賽之后,160名選手中有15名進入了上周五的最終決賽。“伊犁河”(流經哈薩克斯坦和中國的一條河)和“秕糠”等詞過后,最終的角逐在兩名14歲的女同學之間展開。她們都是杭州外國語學院的學生,平時花大量的時間學習英語。
這
兩名女孩的帶隊老師說,盡管英語很重要,該學校也教中文,特別是閱讀。杭州外國語學院的語文老師蘇云生說,大多數人都以為我們學校只擅長教外語。不過她也
補充說,學生集中精力學英語,很多人回到國外去上大學。蘇云生說,我們的學生英語都很好,特別是在說這方面。杭州距上海約110英里(約合180公里)。
經過大約75分鐘之后,選手只剩下四位,包括三名來自杭州外國語學院女孩。她們都穿著一樣的服裝:寬松的白色T恤和灰色的七分褲。
然后接下來,選手剩下了兩名。陸佳蕾和隊友于加敏之間展開了搏斗,不過兩人都在私下里互相鼓勵,如果出現了她們知道的詞,她們的眼睛就會發亮。在第五輪中,于加敏最終因為一個生僻詞“佯嗔”(假裝生氣)而敗下陣來。
勝者陸佳蕾認為,她獲勝的原因是她父母在杭州是開書店的,她在書店里度過了很多時光。她說,我喜歡在書店里讀書,雖然很吵,但能強迫我安靜下來,非常非常仔細地閱讀。
從中國富有爭議的作家余華到美國作家歐•亨利(O. Henry),她的文學品味是兼容并包的。余華的出名源自他在書中對文革暴行的描寫,以及根據他的書《活著》拍的電影在中國被禁。
陸佳蕾說,我認為英語和語文并不互相沖突,各有各的美。
Isabella Steger
Chinese TV's Latest Hit Features A Character-Driven Plot
The word 'toad' would be a snap in an English-language spelling bee, but not in a nationally televised contest in China.
In Chinese, toad has three characters that are made up of 46 individual strokes.
Yu Shuang, a 14-year-old contestant, came close in an early round. As her teammates squealed and drew out the word in the air, Miss Yu quickly wrote the characters on a screen that projected her effort on a big display above her head.
When she finished, one of three judges hit the buzzer signaling a correct answer, bringing cheers. But the other two didn't agree, pointing out that the young girl had missed a single dot in the third character. 'You were obviously very nervous just now,' said the judge, as Miss Yu's teammates groaned in disappointment backstage.
Miss Yu wasn't alone. The show tested a group of adults in the audience, and just 30% of them could write toad correctly, state media lamented after the broadcast. 'It's a word that everyone knows,' said the Xinhua News Agency.
Since its debut in August on a minor TV channel dedicated to educational programming, the 'Chinese Characters Dictation Competition' has exploded in popularity.
The show shifted to a Friday evening time slot on CCTV1, even challenging the popularity of the country's most-watched shows, including China's version of 'The Voice.'
Friday night's final was a must-watch contest all over China that came down to two secondary-school girls from the same school in the affluent city of Hangzhou.
The show has touched a nerve in China, where purists complain that smartphones are eroding language skills, thanks to the frequent use of emoticons and software that lets people write faster using the pinyin system, where Chinese words are written phonetically in Latin script.
Its creator, Guan Zhengwen, said his inspiration came from the Scripps National Spelling Bee in the U.S. In particular, he said he was touched by watching a grandfather who had taken part in the spelling bee 50 years ago and then prepared his grandson to compete.
'In a diverse country like America, the spelling bee allows people from different backgrounds to find common ground in an American dream that they share in,' said Mr. Guan.
Mandarin has been an important part of the government's strategy to unify a vast country that spans the Uighur-speaking Muslims of the far West, and the dialects of Cantonese and Fujianese in the south. Contestants from various ethnic minority groups in China also took part in the competition in their ethnic dress, underscoring the idea that Chinese language brings the country together.
Some have been extremely outspoken on the issue. Wang Xuming, a former spokesman of the Ministry of Education, launched a campaign on his Weibo microblogging page, calling for the abolishment of English classes in primary schools and for putting more emphasis on studying Chinese.
'Save the children, save the Chinese language, save our culture!' he tweets frequently on his account, which has about 1.8 million followers.
The hope is that the show could reinvigorate enthusiasm for the language, which is 'one of the most spectacular treasures of Chinese civilization' and 'the fifth big invention the Chinese people have given to humanity,' according to the show's mission statement. The so-called 'four great inventions' from China typically are listed as paper, gunpowder, the compass and printing.
One paradox not lost on some viewers is that the characters being tested are themselves simplified Chinese, which was made the official script in China by the Communist Party in the 1950s to improve literacy. Hong Kong and Taiwan retained traditional Chinese, which usually has more strokes per character.
After eight qualifying rounds and two semifinals, 160 entrants were winnowed down to 15 for Friday night's final. Words such as Yili He, referring to a river that runs through Kazakhstan and China, and the word for chaff, brought the final down to two 14-year-old female classmates, who spend much of their days studying English at the Hangzhou Foreign Languages School.
The girls' coach said that while English is important, the school does teach Chinese, especially reading. 'Most people think that our school is only good at foreign-language teaching,' said Su Yunsheng, a teacher of Chinese at the school, in Hangzhou, about 110 miles from Shanghai. But she adds that students focus on English, and many go abroad for college. 'Our students are very good at English, especially English speaking,' Ms. Su said.
After about an hour and 15 minutes, there were four contestants remaining, including three girls from the Hangzhou school, wearing matching outfits of loose white T-shirts and three-quarter-length gray pants.
And then there were two. Lu Jialei and her teammate Yu Jiamin battled it out, but the two mouthed words of encouragement to each other in the background, their eyes lighting up when a word came up that they knew. In the fifth round, Miss Yu finally faltered on an obscure term, yang chen, which means to pretend to be angry.
The victor attributes her success to time spent in her family's bookstore in Hangzhou. 'I like reading in the store even though it is very noisy, because it forces me to calm down and read really carefully,' she said.
Her literary tastes are eclectic, ranging from controversial Chinese writer Yu Hua to American author O. Henry. Mr. Yu is best known for violent depictions of the Cultural Revolution and because the movie of his book 'To Live' was banned in China.
'I think English and Chinese are not conflicting,' Miss Lu said. 'They are each beautiful in their own way.'
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