賤民（英語：Dalit、印地語：अस्पृश्यता），又稱達利特人。是印度和尼泊爾（卡斯人和廓爾喀）種姓制度的最低階層，主要以「穢不可觸（Untouchable、印地語：अछूता）」為其特徵。達利特（Dalit）的字源可追溯至梵文，字面意思為地面、被控制的。包括旃陀羅、穆薩哈爾、恰馬爾等族群，在印度都被歸類為賤民。
組成[編輯]
「賤民」的組成很廣泛，佔印度總人口的15%。賤民在傳統的印度社會中只允許做被認為是非常卑賤的行業。這些行業包括以下幾種：
起源與歷史[編輯]
Dalit, meaning "broken/scattered" in Sanskrit and Hindi, is a term used for those aboriginal ethnic groups who have been subjected to untouchability.[1] Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of Panchama. Dalits now profess various religious beliefs, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam and various folk religions.
The term dalits was in use as a translation for the British Raj census classification of Depressed Classes prior to 1935. It was popularised by the economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of Dalits.[2] Hence the first group he made was called the "Labour Party" and included as its members all people of the society who were kept depressed, including women, small scale farmers and people from backward castes. Leftists like Kanhaiya Kumar subscribe to this definition of "dalits"; thus a Brahmin marginal farmer trying to eke out a living, but unable to do so also falls in the "dalit" category.[3][4] Ambedkar himself was a Mahar, and in the 1970s the use of the word "dalit" was invigorated when it was adopted by the Dalit Panthers activist group. Gradually, political parties used it to gain mileage.
India's National Commission for Scheduled Castes considers official use of dalit as a label to be "unconstitutional" because modern legislation prefers Scheduled Castes; however, some sources say that Dalit has encompassed more communities than the official term of Scheduled Castes and is sometimes used to refer to all of India's oppressed peoples. A similar all-encompassing situation prevails in Nepal.
Scheduled Caste communities exist across India, although they are mostly concentrated in four states; they do not share a single language or religion. They comprise 16.6 per cent of India's population, according to the 2011 Census of India. Similar communities are found throughout the rest of South Asia, in Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and are part of the global Indian diaspora.
In 1932, the British Raj recommended separate electorates to select leaders for Dalits in the Communal Award. This was favoured by Ambedkar but when Mahatma Gandhi opposed the proposal it resulted in the Poona Pact. That in turn influenced the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced the reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes, now renamed as Scheduled Castes.
From soon after its independence in 1947, India introduced a reservation system to enhance the ability of Dalits to have political representation and to obtain government jobs and education.[clarification needed] In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, K. R. Narayanan. Many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. Nonetheless, while caste-based discrimination was prohibited and untouchability abolished by the Constitution of India, such practices are still widespread. To prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and similar acts against these groups, the Government of India enacted the Prevention of Atrocities Act, also called the SC/ST Act, on 31 March 1995.
In accordance with the order of the Bombay High Court, the Information and Broadcasting Ministry (I&B Ministry) of the Government of India issued an advisory to all media channels in September 2018, asking them to use "Scheduled Castes" instead of the word "Dalit".[5]
Etymology and usage[edit]
The word dalit is a vernacular form of the Sanskrit दलित (dalita). In Classical Sanskrit, this means "divided, split, broken, scattered". This word was repurposed in 19th-century Sanskrit to mean "(a person) not belonging to one of the four Brahminic castes".[6] It was perhaps first used in this sense by Pune-based social reformer Jyotirao Phule, in the context of the oppression faced by the erstwhile "untouchable" castes from other Hindus.[7]
インド憲法では、スケジュールド・カースト（Scheduled Castes）と呼称する。1950年に制定されたインド憲法17条により、不可触民を意味する差別用語は禁止、カースト全体についてもカーストによる差別の禁止も明記している。またインド憲法第341条により、大統領令で州もしくはその一部ごとに指定された諸カースト（不可触民）の総称として、スケジュールド・カースト（指定カースト）と呼称し、留保制度により、公共機関や施設が一定割合（約25％）で優先的雇用機会を与えられ、学校入学や奨学金制度にも適用される。
- 在日華僑 - 外国籍。華人、華裔、在日中国人、在日台湾人も参照。
- 朝鮮系日本人 - 朝鮮籍や北朝鮮、韓国籍からの帰化者。（在日韓国・朝鮮人については、朝鮮総連では在日朝鮮人を「（日本の）少数民族ではない」としている[18]）。
司法における人種差別, 反差別国際運動 (IMADR).「*注記： ここで「人種差別」とは、人種差別撤廃条約第1条に定義されているような「人種、皮膚の色、世系又は民族的若しくは種族的出身に基づく」差別を意味するものとします。したがって、世系すなわち門地／社会的出自による差別である部落差別も、同条約の定義にもとづく「人種差別」としてIMADRではとらえています。」
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C
怒不可抑 詞語解釋. 國語辭典. 怒不可抑 nù bù kě yì ㄋㄨˋ ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄧˋ. 憤怒到不能抑制的地步。形容憤怒到了極點。如：「他在遭人羞辱下，怒不可抑的拿起桌上茶杯朝對方臉上摔去。」也作「怒不可遏」。 © 漢典. 【載入評論】 ...
怒不可遏 - 基隆市武崙國小成語詞典
idiom.wlps.kl.edu.tw › ...
注音一式, ㄋㄨˋ ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄜˋ. 漢語拼音, nù bù kě è. 出處, 清‧李寶嘉《官場現形記》第二十七回：「賈大少爺正在自己動手掀王師爺的鋪蓋，被王師爺回來從門縫裏瞧見了，頓時氣憤填膺，怒不可遏。」 釋義, 遏：止。憤怒地難以抑制。形容十分憤怒。
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